![]() “They launched into reckless experimentation without close medical supervision,” says psychiatrist James S. ![]() At least one death was directly attributed to the experiments: Army scientist Frank Olson drank Cointreau laced with LSD and committed suicide a week later. Early on, the experiments employed volunteers, but as the program grew, ordinary American citizens and foreign nationals became unsuspecting subjects in the studies. ![]() Dulles, officially approved MKULTRA, which sought chemical, biological, and radiological approaches to interrogation and behavior modification. In 1953 the director of Central Intelligence, Allen W. Although it sounds like a bad late-night spy movie, Operation Midnight Climax, as it was called, was a very real part of a larger covert project called MKULTRA. Clients were secretly dosed with LSD as CIA agents watched from behind a one-way mirror. In the 1950s, visitors to a brothel atop San Francisco’s Telegraph Hill got more than just a tryst and a view of the bay.
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